In verse 9.32 of the Bhagavad-gita, why does Krishna specifically mention that these categories of human beings (women, workers, etc.) can also achieve the highest goal? This verse gives me the impression that He is saying “although this person is a woman, or trader etc., such a person, even in this unfavorable position, can achieve Me.” What would make any of these classes of individuals less qualified for spiritual advancement?

Krishna does exactly the opposite. He said these groups also achieve the same perfection. Inevitably the society in which Krishna appeared, the illumined brahmanas (priests) and ksatriyas (aristocracy) had more prestige. Therefore, almost all the stories of Srimad Bhagavatam are of brahmanas and ksatriyas. Krishna is stressing the point that other groups may also go to Him. At the same time, the gopis, women from the vaisya (farming) community are recognized as the most advanced devotees. There is a balance. We cannot blindly apply modern attitudes to an ancient culture.